Focus sounds
The sound that helps most while working is a steady one that covers distracting speech: pink or brown noise, a distant café murmur, a flat drone. For reading the picks are wordless and calm, for coding they are regular. Evidence that the sound itself improves focus is weak and conflicting; each card shows its level of evidence.
For reading
Wordless, low and even: sounds that stay in the background so attention stays on the text.
All in the Atlas (7)For writing
A little more alive: slowly changing melody, lo-fi and morning nature.
For coding
Regular and long: server-room hum, a dark drone, a soft pulse.
Sounds that cover speech
For an open office or studying: flat noise that is strong in the speech band. The evidence for masking is on the card.
Getting ready for a task
Short sounds for the few minutes before you start; the evidence is weak, as the card says.
Reading and tools
Evidence
This page has no evidence level of its own; each sound's level is on its card. A summary of the related claims:
Broadband noise and masking
Continuous noise probably makes surrounding sounds less noticeable.
What don't we know? It is not clear that masking translates into protected sleep: in a 25-person lab study, adding pink noise to intermittent environmental noise worsened sleep structure further, and earplugs worked better.
Findings and sourcesSpeech masking in open-plan offices
The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of masking sound on work performance in open-plan offices, and the effect depends on the masker type and level.
What don't we know? The evidence rests on a single small lab experiment; results may differ in real offices and other languages.
Findings and sourcesBinaural beats, focus and memory
Evidence is weak and conflicting; in some studies binaural beats lowered test performance.
What don't we know? Results conflict.
Findings and sourcesBinaural beats before a task
Listening to binaural beats before a task may give better results than listening only during it.
What don't we know? This rests on a moderator comparison within one meta-analysis; few experiments test the question directly, and in a small experiment that directly varied onset time, results were mixed.
Findings and sources
How evidence levels are assigned: Evidence methodology